Chemists started exploring silane coupling agents in the late 1940s. 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) landed on the scene as research boomed in synthetic polymers and reinforced plastics. Through the postwar decades, this compound shifted perceptions about adhesion and compatibility between glass fibers and resins. Industrial labs, always searching for a reliable interface between organic and inorganic materials, found that APTMS can bridge worlds. By the 1970s, factories adopted it for surface pretreatments and composite manufacturing, setting a precedent for a chemical that keeps up with both academic direction and industrial demand. Today, APTMS is a staple in labs and plants that demand bond strength, versatility, and reliability.
APTMS belongs to a family of organosilanes. With a three-carbon chain and a trimethoxysilane group, it offers both physical flexibility and chemical reactivity. The molecule’s amine end latches onto resins, dyes, or drugs. Its silane end hooks firmly onto glass, minerals, metals, or ceramics. You run into this chemical in everything from coatings and adhesives to biomedical assays and chromatography columns. Chemical suppliers, recognizing its wide application, offer it in laboratory grade, technical grade, and custom-purity batches. Labels on drums often carry names like Silquest A-1110, Dynasylan AMEO, or KBM-903, reflecting global manufacturing lines. Industrial chemists rely on its capacity as a treatment agent, adhesion promoter, and crosslinker, often blending it with epoxy, polyurethane, or acrylic platforms.
At room temperature, APTMS shows up as a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid. Its characteristic amine odor stands out if you’ve ever worked near an open bottle. It has a molecular weight around 179 and a boiling point just under 220°C, letting it survive short, high-heat processing. Thanks to its polar amine group, it dissolves in common alcohols, ethers, and many water mixtures. There’s a flash point above 90°C, setting basic standards for storage and transport. Moisture in air can quickly hydrolyze the methoxy groups, especially in open or humid environments, yielding silanols and methanol. That hydrolysis drives many of its applications, but it also creates handling hazards. Vapors can irritate mucous membranes, and skin contact sometimes triggers mild allergic reactions. The density settles at about 1.01 g/cm³, and refractive index hovers near 1.42. These details help operators design process equipment and maintain workplace safety.
Sourcing APTMS from certified suppliers brings a packet of paperwork with it. Labels show the CAS number 13822-56-5 and highlight concentration, water content, purity (often above 97%), and stabilization additives, if any. Certificates of analysis cover GC content and trace siloxane impurity levels. Technical sheets advise storage in tightly closed containers under dry nitrogen or argon, away from sources of ignition. Industry standards often set upper moisture limits below 500 ppm to prevent premature polymerization. Lot numbers, manufacturing dates, and shelf life tie into quality assurance systems, helping trace raw materials from production to final application. In my own lab experience, using freshly opened APTMS has always delivered more consistent surface modification results, as just a hint of air exposure can spoil its reactivity.
APTMS synthesis relies on Grignard chemistry and alkoxysilane handling. Begin with 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, react it with excess ammonia under controlled temperature, and you end up swapping the chloride for an amino group. Purification follows, stripping off unreacted ammonia and any side products. Industrial reactors run this process in closed vessels, using distillation columns to capture methanol formed during hydrolysis. Large-scale plants favor continuous processing, which keeps production efficient and consistent. Some modern facilities switch to more eco-friendly aminating agents to cut down on toxic byproducts. Getting the process parameters right—temperature, pressure, molar ratios, and agitation—makes a big difference. From a worker’s perspective, sharp attention to pressure spikes and temperature swings during amination steps keeps both yield and safety standards high.
APTMS acts as both a nucleophile and a silanizing agent. Its amino group reacts readily with epoxy rings, activated carbonyls, and isocyanates. On mineral surfaces, the methoxysilane ends hydrolyze in the presence of water, forming silanol intermediates that bond with hydroxyl groups on glass, silica, or metal oxides. Heat or acid then drives condensation reactions, tacking the silane onto the surface permanently. In polymer modifications, APTMS not only boosts adhesion but also couples organic resins with inorganic fillers, creating composite materials that resist delamination. Surface chemists also employ APTMS to introduce amine functionality on nanoparticles, silica gels, and microarray substrates. It opens up conjugation possibilities with dyes, peptides, or crosslinkers. In my own lab runs, cleaning glass with sodium hydroxide, rinsing in ethanol, and then applying APTMS in a carefully controlled humidity chamber yields the strongest silane layers.
APTMS collects a host of aliases across catalogs and product datasheets: 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, APTMS, gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and A-1110. Commercial brands—Silquest, Dynasylan, Shin-Etsu KBM-903—show up in procurement systems and lab storerooms. The diversity in naming sometimes trips up new users, especially when technical support switches between chemical and trade names. Chemical structure shorthand, like NH2(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3, helps trained eyes spot the functional groups at play. Over time, I’ve learned to double-check all synonyms and CAS numbers before ordering, avoiding mismatches or shipping delays.
Operators handling APTMS need gloves, goggles, and fume hoods. Methanol forms as a byproduct during hydrolysis and surface treatment steps, so ventilation matters. Splash risks get real in cramped spaces, and even small spills can irritate eyes or skin. MSDS documentation warns about slow but cumulative exposure effects. Fire safety plans account for its moderate flammability; storing away from open flames, oxidizers, and incompatible chemicals is standard practice. Safe container labeling and regular staff training make all the difference for accident-free storage and handling. I’ve seen the difference solid protocols make when a warehouse shifts from “best effort” safety to structured hazard communication—accidents drop, and productivity improves.
APTMS touches more parts of modern industry than most realize. It bonds glass fibers into composites that hold skyscrapers together and shapes dental materials that last in tough environments. Electronics manufacturers use it to treat semiconductor surfaces, preparing chips for better performance in phones and computers. Chromatographers rely on it to modify stationary phases, enhancing peptide separation or small molecule detection. Paints and coatings depend on APTMS as a primer, making finishes last longer on concrete, metal, or glass. In the biomedical field, researchers functionalize surfaces of sensors, nanoparticles, or microfluidic channels with APTMS, improving target binding for diagnostics or drug screening. Where strong attachment between different classes of materials matters, you often find APTMS behind the scenes.
The last decade saw labs racing to make smarter and more functional surfaces for medicine, optics, and energy applications. APTMS lies at the heart of countless protocols for biomolecule immobilization, nanoparticle modification, and thin-film construction. Scientists build biosensors by anchoring enzymes or antibodies with APTMS-treated surfaces. Its aminopropyl group acts as a springboard for further chemical conjugation. Researchers tune hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and charge density by tweaking APTMS exposure or blending with other silanes. New-generation solar cells and LED displays use tailored APTMS layers to boost charge transfer at interfaces. From my experience, surface chemistry protocols using fresh silane and precise humidity control produce the most reproducible device yields. The drive for greener silanization has pushed some labs to experiment with water-based APTMS systems or recyclable solvents, aiming to cut environmental impact.
Health scientists dug into APTMS’s potential hazards as soon as it hit widespread use. Acute exposure tends to cause skin and respiratory irritation. The most common long-term effects show up as allergic sensitization, especially after repeated, unprotected handling. Animal studies, some dating back to the early 1980s, tracked oral and inhalation toxicity, pointing toward low acute toxicity at typical exposure levels. Still, inhaled or ingested methanol, a byproduct of APTMS hydrolysis, raises more serious risks—blindness and neurotoxicity come with high doses. Safety reviews continue as manufacturers push APTMS into more consumer-facing technologies, like medical implants or wearable electronics. Regulatory agencies in North America and Europe keep a close eye on workplace exposure limits, with recommended air concentrations sitting well below irritation thresholds. In my own fieldwork, strict glove use, eye protection, and real-time air monitoring have kept the workforce safe from both short and chronic exposure risks.
Rising demand for high-performance materials opens new doors for APTMS. Engineers now shape silane networks for advanced composites, lightweight aerospace panels, and smart construction materials. Scientists look to improve biocompatibility in medical devices, often relying on APTMS-modified substrates as the starting point. Silicon chip makers keep searching for surface treatments that cut defect rates and boost device lifetime, and this compound shows up on their shortlists. Green chemistry trends spur research into more benign derivatives and cleaner reaction conditions. With additive manufacturing and nanofabrication scaling up, tailored surface treatment recipes based on APTMS pop up everywhere from automotive assembly lines to DNA microarray production. As a chemist, I see the next chapter unfolding as multidisciplinary teams push APTMS applications from the lab bench to the manufacturing floor, integrating sustainability, safety, and innovation at every step.
Most folks have never heard the word “3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,” but the products we use every day keep this chemical working quietly in the background. It grabs the spotlight mostly in industries focused on making things stick together—the reason so many composites, plastics, paints, sealants, and adhesives hold up over time. It’s known in the chemistry world as a silane coupling agent, but what that really means is it helps two things that wouldn’t usually mix get along—a bit like a mutual friend linking two stubborn personalities.
Grab a tube of caulk or a bottle of industrial adhesive, and 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane likely helped get that product onto shelves. Traditional adhesives often struggle to bridge the gap between glass, metal, and plastic. This chemical steps in and forms a bond between surfaces that might otherwise reject each other. That stronger bond means fewer cracked windows, more reliable automotive parts, and safer electronics.
In my earlier work handling renovations, surfaces constantly challenged our patience. Silicone and glass act like oil and water—unless a middleman steps in. Just a sprinkling of this silane meant the difference between a bathroom window that leaked after the first chilly night and one that shrugged off the seasons.
3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane has put down roots in industries far beyond DIY projects. Manufacturers demand lighter, tougher, longer-lasting materials, especially in cars, airplanes, and even wind turbines. Fiber-reinforced plastic needs a chemical handshake between fibers and resin—without that, everything falls apart. This silane compound bridges those worlds, handing out resilience and performance.
A report from the Journal of Applied Polymer Science tracks significant improvement in sheer and tensile strength after adding even a small percentage of this agent. Take auto body panels that stop falling apart after years of weather—or sports gear that keeps athletes safer. These small changes add up quickly at scale.
Homeowners want paint to hold color after years under the sun. Industrial equipment needs to resist rust, rain, or corrosive chemicals. 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane helps paint stick to tricky surfaces, including metals and plastics. That cuts down on flaking, peeling, costly recoating. Extra durability in paint keeps bridges from rusting out, saves money, and brings a longer lifespan to playground equipment or factory machinery.
Most chemicals can stir up worry, especially when handled in large quantities. With this one, skin and eye irritation top the list, so smart handling practices and proper gear matter on the job. In my experience, basic goggles and gloves often make the difference in preventing accidents. Companies following simple safety steps prevent headaches for staff and avoid compliance fines.
Safer alternatives sit on the research table, but nothing yet matches the cost-to-performance edge of 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Pushing for greener production methods and better end-of-life disposal options could help protect workers and the planet while holding onto the benefits this silane brings. For now, the real-world impact of this compound shows up in products that work better, last longer, and cost less over their lifetime.
3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane turns up in plenty of workplaces—adhesives, coatings, electronics labs, and manufacturing shops. This is no average chemical. Its structure lets it cling to both glass and metal, which is handy in research, but that structure also drives its temperamental behavior. That means its storage demands respect, not just for regulatory compliance, but for everyone’s safety.
Ask anyone working in a lab, and they all know: this chemical does not play nice with water vapor. Just cracking a bottle next to a sink can trigger a chain of hydrolysis reactions. You don’t have to run a risk assessment to understand why tight seals and low humidity storage matter. I’ve seen bottles ruined from a single afternoon left out when the AC broke down. The telltale cloudiness creeping in tells you the silane is reacting and becoming useless. So, it matters to stick bottles in a dry, well-sealed container or storage cabinet, ideally with desiccants nearby. Silica gel works. Just check it sometimes—it only helps when it isn’t saturated.
Oxygen is less of an enemy than water, but don’t give 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane a free pass. Extended air exposure can push slow changes in the chemical’s structure, especially in warm rooms. Old habits in my own lab meant tucking bottles away from heaters or windows, at a steady temperature that never went near 30°C. Any heat spike will punch up the vapor pressure and risk leaks from the cap. OSHA fact sheets highlight the danger: avoid sources of ignition, and don’t let containers get close to heating elements or sunlight. Flammable vapors might sneak out, and no one wants that. A well-ventilated chemical storage cabinet, shielded from direct sun and locked, covers these basics without drama.
It’s tempting to pour a little silane into a cleaned-out bottle to split between projects or teams, but this always invites risk. Original packaging from suppliers often does more than just hold the chemical; it’s chosen for compatibility. The right cap and liner block leaks and resist corrosion. Dirty or scratched bottles create weak points for reactions, and switch-outs that seem convenient may cost more than they're worth. Keep an eye on the expiration dates too. Over time, the best container won’t stop natural degradation entirely, so regular checks save money and headaches.
3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane doesn’t draw a line between experts and newcomers. One memory sticks—the time a rookie stored it in a chemical fume hood, unaware of the traces of water in the area. In a week, the bottle turned hazy and useless. It forced an impromptu safety meeting and led the team to label shelves and write up rules for secondary containment. Solutions don’t need to be complicated—store it dry, cool, closed, and away from acids or oxidizers. Don’t overlook the Safety Data Sheet for common sense tips that fit your building.
Asking workers for feedback on storage keeps hazards visible. And regular checks, plus training, keep standards steady. The goal isn’t just compliance—it’s keeping everyone safe and stopping expensive mistakes before they happen.
This chemical pops up often in manufacturing labs and factories. It helps treat glass surfaces, boosts adhesion in coatings, and often ends up in products people use without a second thought. Scientific literature points out its efficiency as a silane coupling agent, which means it makes things stick better—plastics, rubbers, sealants, paints. On the surface, it seems just another tool. The question most folks miss: Is it safe to work with?
The hazards attached to 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane come down to direct human contact. My experience in chemical handling taught me to respect labels like “corrosive” and “irritant” even if the average person won’t ever see this stuff outside of a bottle or a lab. The issue grows if you touch the liquid or breathe its vapors. Reports link this compound to irritation of skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract; get it on your hands, and you may feel a burning sensation. Extended exposure sometimes leads to eczema-like rashes or eye damage, especially for factory or lab workers stuck with repetitive tasks.
Studies highlight more concerns for the lungs. This chemical can form methanol as it breaks down, which poses another layer of toxicity; inhaling enough vapors may result in headaches, dizziness, or, with high enough concentrations, nervous system effects. Even without chronic exposure, short-term exposure to high levels sets off alarms for anyone serious about workplace health and safety. I once watched a coworker handle a similar silane without gloves—a careless move. Hours later, those itchy hands said plenty about the importance of personal protection.
Factories washing out containers or pouring rinsates into drains can send chemicals downstream. Research shows 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane breaks down in water and soil, but the byproducts—especially methanol—can harm aquatic life if mishandled. Routine safety data puts the chemical well in the “handle with care” column. Releasing it into the environment without treatment doesn’t just threaten wildlife, it cycles back as a risk to the communities near these facilities. If you fish, drink well water, or garden near industrial parks, what happens above ground always matters.
Regulations kick in for a reason. OSHA, the European Chemicals Agency, and others list this silane as hazardous. Guidelines insist on goggles, gloves, and fume hoods—simple, unglamorous steps that keep workers from ending up in ER waiting rooms. Employers forget this, and accidents aren’t far behind. Safety comes from the ground up: training, easy access to safety sheets, and inspections that do more than check boxes on forms.
I’ve seen best practices make a difference. Emergency showers in the right place, clear spill kits, and open conversations about near-misses create real protection. Engineering controls—ventilation, closed systems—help cut down the odds of vapor buildup. Workers quick to swap out gloves and keep clean avoid most problems, while cutting corners means trouble.
Risk doesn’t vanish just because a chemical passes through familiar pipelines. Substitution sometimes steps in; other silane agents exist with lower toxicity, though performance can vary. No material should be handled on autopilot. Good safety habits, honest hazard communication, and investment in worker training give the best shot for everyone—whether running the plant or mopping up after a small spill. That approach could keep chemical risks in check and still get the job done.
3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane isn’t a household name, but it shows up often in specialty labs and manufacturing spaces. This stuff works as a coupling agent, helping materials like glass and plastics stick together better. On paper, it sounds harmless. Scratch the surface, the chemical brings more risk than most folks realize. Once I walked into a warehouse and picked up the strong, fishy scent before seeing a single label. You learn to respect chemicals like this—not out of fear, but out of hard-earned caution.
Exposure to vapors caused my throat to sting. Skin contact brought rash and itch for days. The safety data sheet spells it out: this compound can irritate skin, eyes, and lungs quickly on contact. Breathing in concentrated fumes leads to headaches and even nausea. I’ve watched safety goggles fog up, only for a single careless moment to bring tears and pain.
Numbers from the CDC make the danger real. Over 400 chemical exposure cases in the past decade listed silane compounds, often as a direct result of spills, splashes, or poor ventilation. One small splash left untreated nearly cost a lab technician full eyesight in one eye. These incidents always trace back to either rushed handling or ignoring personal protection.
Effective safety begins with proper training, not just reading procedures but practicing them until routine. I learned to rely on double-layer gloves—nitrile as a base, neoprene on top. Cheap gloves break down fast, especially with silanes, so don’t grab that bargain bulk box. Eyes need full chemical splash goggles, not those flimsy plastic shields that fog up and tempt you to remove them. Wearing lab coats and closed shoes seems basic, but half the accidents I saw happened to people who skipped this step in the middle of a busy day.
Working in a fume hood felt awkward at first, like a barrier between me and my work. The logic clicked quickly after a bad headache forced me into fresh air. Proper ventilation isn’t a luxury; it limits inhalation risks, especially in small or old facilities where fumes build up quickly.
Storing this chemical away from water and acids makes a difference. It reacts and gives off methanol—another danger to keep in mind. I stored mine in tightly sealed containers, away from traffic zones or sunlight, after watching a leaky bottle bubble and hiss on a hot afternoon. Each container got a clear hazard label, updated date, and location record. A spill kit sat nearby, gloves and goggles right next to it. In emergencies, you don’t have time to search for gear.
If a spill happened, I approached it slowly, laying down absorbent pads and neutralizing any residue. The goal was to limit contact, avoid inhalation, and clean up all traces before reporting it fully. Washing hands before leaving the area became habit, not just routine.
Promoting shared vigilance means more than emails or safety posters. Colleagues quizzed each other on safety steps and practiced emergency drills monthly. Managers didn’t just talk safety—they posted real stories, ran demonstrations, and rewarded careful work. Lessons stuck when connected to faces and names, not nameless numbers.
Anyone who works with chemicals carries responsibility for themselves and for their team. Take the time, pay attention, and treat every compound with the respect it’s earned. You’ll go home healthier, and your worksite will run better for it.
Working with glues isn’t glamorous. Most days, connecting things feels easier—except when it isn’t. Factories still wrestle with one stubborn problem: trying to make plastics cling to glass, metals, or ceramics. 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, usually called APTMS, tackles this issue head-on. Factories add APTMS to glue formulas to act as a bridge, sticking surfaces together that otherwise shrug each other off. You see this in everything from car windshields to electronic parts. In my time touring a local glass manufacturer, their struggle to bond glass with plastic faded after they brought APTMS into the process. Now, they build stronger, lasting products, without constant breakdowns or repairs.
Materials aren’t born strong—they’re made that way. Fiberglass boats, dental fillings, printed circuit boards, they all need a tight grip between fibers and resins. Without a chemical matchmaker like APTMS, these mixtures fall apart under stress. By coating glass fibers with APTMS before blending them into resin, manufacturers boost strength and durability. Numbers tell the story: research from industry journals shows that composite strength can jump by up to 30% using this approach. Having worked on small projects with resin at home, I’ve seen firsthand how the right surface chemistry turns a brittle mess into a rock-solid finish.
Plastics do a fine job of keeping electricity where it belongs—until moisture or dirt creeps in. APTMS plays a part as a protective agent in electrical insulators and cables. By treating the plastic or glass surfaces with this silane compound, insulation materials resist electrical leakage even in harsh, wet weather. I once watched a utility crew replace insulators in a coastal town where salt and fog shorted out lines yearly. After switching to treated materials, outages didn’t come back with every storm.
Buildings suffer when water creeps in. Construction crews now use APTMS in water-repellent coatings. Applied to bridges, facades, or parking structures, these coatings don’t just block water—they slow down corrosion and extend the life of the concrete. Real-world trials done in Europe have shown maintenance costs dropping just by keeping the rain out. Having helped paint sealant on my old apartment’s balcony, I appreciate any way to stretch those repair budgets.
Nobody wants a paint job that peels the next season. In the coatings industry, APTMS helps paint anchor to metal, glass, or ceramic with a firm hold. Specialty paints like those used on bridges, water towers, and skyscraper windows rely on APTMS for endurance. It doesn’t show up in a glossy advertisement, but its presence keeps surfaces painted longer, so less money and labor go into upkeep.
Hospitals demand safe, sterile gear. APTMS shows up behind the scenes here too. Medical researchers use it to modify the surfaces of diagnostic sensors, implants, and lab equipment. The chemical’s unique structure lets it bond biomolecules to glass and silicon, making devices both more reliable and compatible with the human body. In academic work, I’ve handled sensors pre-treated with APTMS—the difference in sensitivity isn’t subtle. Every improvement pays off in better patient care.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine |
| Other names |
Aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane 3-Trimethoxysilylpropylamine APTMS γ-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine |
| Pronunciation | /ˈθriː əˌmiːnoʊˈproʊpɪl traɪˌmɛθɒksiˈsaɪleɪn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 13822-56-5 |
| Beilstein Reference | 605328 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:63038 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1546 |
| ChemSpider | 5795 |
| DrugBank | DB11260 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.017.753 |
| EC Number | 216-764-1 |
| Gmelin Reference | 87842 |
| KEGG | C11831 |
| MeSH | D000071246 |
| PubChem CID | 10106 |
| RTECS number | TX4925000 |
| UNII | KB0DHQ8N5H |
| UN number | UN2735 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H17NO3Si |
| Molar mass | 179.29 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless transparent liquid |
| Odor | Ammoniacal |
| Density | 1.01 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Solubility in water | Miscible |
| log P | -1.0 |
| Vapor pressure | <0.1 hPa (20 °C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 10.7 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.7 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -6.8×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.420 |
| Viscosity | 2.0 mPa.s (25 °C) |
| Dipole moment | 4.40 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 207.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -322.2 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -1801.6 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS05, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS07,GHS05 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H318, H315 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P312 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0 |
| Flash point | 86 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 430 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral Rat 1780 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral rat LD50 = 1780 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | VV9275000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 10 ppm |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Unknown. |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 3-Cyanopropyltrimethoxysilane 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane Trimethoxypropylsilane |
